HISTORY FORM 3 – ESTABLISHMENT OF COLONIALISM

TYPES OF RESISTANCE

There are two main types of resistance namely:

1. Small scale resistance [ primary resistance]
   
2. Large scale resistance[secondary resistance]
   

 

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SMALL SCALE RESISTANCE

Small scale resistance is the type of resistance which fought for a short period of time over a small area or small group of people.

Small scale resistance normally covered a small area fought on the basis of tribal lines occurred during penetration of colonialists i.e. the Nandi, Hehe, Nyamwezi etc.

Small scale resistance was influenced by local rulers [leaders] who organized their small groups of people to take army against European invaders to defend their territories.

EXAMPLES OF SMALL SCALE RESISTANCE WHICH WILL BE DISCUSSED ARE

1. The HEHE resistance [1891-1898]
   
2. The NYAMWEZI resistance [1891-1894]
   
3. The YAO resistance [1888]
   
4. The BUNYORO resistance[1893]
   
5. The MASAI [Kenya resistance 1895]
   
6. The NANDI resistance
   

   THE HEHE RESISTANCE [1891-1898]
   

 

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HEHE resistance was a small scale resistance which occurred in 1891-1898 fought against Germany under the leadership of MKWAWA.

Or

HEHE resistance was a small scale resistance fought between the HEHE tribe against Germany in 1891-1898 under the leadership of MKWAWA. HEHE resistance was among of the strong and powerful resistance imposed towards Germany colonial power since it fought for many years and brought a lot of damages, sufferings and disturbances to Germany because HEHE tribe under the leadership of MKWAWA had good war techniques inherited from the Ngoni tribe such as cow horns, short stubbing spears and long hide.

Therefore through good war techniques HEHE under MKWAWA formed a strongest kingdom and resisted against Germany rule than the rest resistance in East Africa.

CAUSES OR REASONS OF HEHE RESISTANCE

1. Interference of Mkwawa’s leadership, Germany wanted to control Mkwawa and forced him to accept Germany control due to that Mkwawa disagreed to accept Germany rule.
   
2. To protect political and economical interests.
   
3. Interference of culture; Germany interfered Hehe culture such as polygamy belief in many systems etc which made the Hehe under the Mkwawa harsh hence fight against Germany.
   
4. Germany harsh rule; Germany ruled Hehe very harsh not respectful to the Hehe, they forced them to pay tax, to work and took their land as a result the Hehe fought against the Germany.
   
5. Killing of the Mkwawa’s delegates. Germany killed Mkwawa’s delegates who were sent to compromise as a result Mkwawa revenged by killing Germany commander known as EMIL VON ZELEWSKY and 300 African soldiers as a result war started. The name Mkwawa means conqueror of lands.
   
6. Germany’s occupation / control several areas in Tanganyika. Hehe under Mkwawa fought against the Germans because they wanted to control Ugogo, Uluguru, UsagaraandMpwapwa which had 410 economic importances to the HEHE.
   
7. Blocking trade routes; Hehe resistance against Germany occurred following Mkwawa blocking all Germany caravan routes passed his area which disrupted the Germany trade hence conflicts started.
   

 

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Due to the above reasons or causes of the Hehe resistance the war/ fighting broke out which took a long period of time. The Germany attacked Mkwawa in 1891 following the killing of the Germany commander Emil von Zelewsky at Lugalo.

In 1894 Germany attacked Mkwawa’s capital known as Kalenga but Mkwawa succeeded to run away [escape] and started to fight the GORRILAS WARFARE until 1898.

In the same year 1898 Mkwawa while he was hiding himself he became sick. The Germans approached where he was hiding Mkwawa did not accept the shame of surrender to Germany while he was alive he shot himself in July 1898 and died.

THE NANDI RESISTANCE [1896-1905]

Nandi resistance was a small scale resistance fought between the Nandi tribe in Kenya against British in 1896-1905 following the British occupation or control over the Nandi’s land.

Or

Nandi resistance was a small scale resistance occurred in 1896-1905 when Nandi tribe in Kenya resisted against the British control over their land organized by a leader known as KOITALEL and ORKOLYOT.

The Nandi resistance occurred since the British invaded and occupied [control] the Nandi land by constructing [build] telegraphic lines and railways along the Nandi rift valley land which were fertile for crop production and livestock keeping. The Nandi were not happy for the construction of that railway lines and termed or called “Iron snake”.

Therefore they started the resistance by attacking the British military position, uprooting and cutting wires, attacking the British caravan trade, raiding the railway deposits etc.

The Nandi did that because they believed that they had the superior weapons and military to fight British as they conquered the neighboring territories.

THE REASONS OR CAUSES OF THE NANDI RESISTANCE.

1. Introduction of the railway lines along the Nandi land. Nandi resisted against British because British constructed a railway line on the Nandi land which they defined on it for farming and livestock keeping.
   
2. Land problems or alienation. British took Nandi’s best and fertile land and gave it to the whites settlements as a result the Nandi fought against them.
   
3. The Nandi’s pride. The Nandi fought against the British because they believed that they were superior, strong and powerful socially, economically, politically, militarily and culturally hence did not want to be controlled.
   
4. The pressure from Kimnyoles prophecy; the Nandi decided to fight against the British because of the prophecy of the Kimnyole who foreseen the coming of foreigners on their land which made the Nandi to fight against the British after they arrived on their land.
   
5. The killing of the Nandi leader KOITALEL; Nandi’s resisted against the British following the killing of their leader known as Koitalel when he was called in the meeting of stopping the resistance.
   

 

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THE EFFECT OR IMPACT OF NANDI RESISTANCE

1. The death of people. Nandi resistance led to the massive loss of people‘s lives including leaders such as Koitalel, Orkolyot and other warriors.
   
2. British colonizing the Nandi land. The British defeated the Nandi during resistance as a result they took the Nandi land and made the Nandi to lost their sovereignty.
   
3. Destruction or damage of properties. The Nandi resistance led to the destroying of people‘s properties including land, railways, telegraphic lines, killing of livestock, houses etc.
   
4. Hunger and famine. Nandi resistance led to the occurrence of hunger [food shortage] since resistance took many years and farms and cattle were killed during the fighting.
   
5. Migration of people. The Nandi resistance led to the restless of people because during and after the resistance people run away or migrated to other areas.
   
6. Land alienation. Nandi resistance led to many Nandi people to remain landless since after the resistance British took Nandi’s fertile land.
   
7. Nandi resistance led to the introduction of cheap labour, since those Nandi people had decided to be employed as cheap labours to the British settle farms.
   
8. Over grazing of some area. Nandi resistance led to the environmental degradation since the area which the Nandi pushed or migrated were not enough for cattle grazing.
   

 

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THE NYAMWEZI RESISTANCE 1891-1894

Nyamwezi resistance was a small scale resistance against the Germany rule organized by Nyamwezi under their leader known as chief Isike in 1891-1894. The Nyamwezi resistance occurred as a result of German’s monopolization over Nyamwezi’s trade and passed through their land such as Ujiji and Mwanza which broke their first good trade relation.

The Nyamwezi started resistance under their leader chief Isike in 1891 in order to avoid the Germany control; but due to poor weapons the German attacked Isike’s fort and destroyed it. Chief Isike decided to blow up [kill himself] together with his family in the gun powder magazine rather than being captured by Germany.

The influence from Isike leadership. Isike was regarded as strong and powerful leader so he organized his people to fight against German rule.

The land conflicts. Germany wanted to control the Nyamwezi’s land as they did in other areas in Tanganyika as a result Nyamwezi resisted against the German control.

REASONS FOR THE FAILURE OF NYAMWEZI RESISTANCE

1. Absence of strong army.
   
2. Poor weapons.
   
3. Disunity among the people.
   
4. Poor fighting techniques.
   
5. Poor war organizations etc.
   

 

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THE YAO RESISTANCE [1890-1899]

YAO resistance was small scale resistance which fought between the YAO against the Germans in 1890-1899 under the leadership of Chief MWENE MACHEMBA.

The Yao resistance was an active resistance since Machemba organized his people actively and was able to defeat three Germany companies sent to him..Aftermachemba to defeat Germany companies; the German Governor forced Machemba to leave his place but he refused as a result German took up army against machemba and attacked Machemba’s fort in 1899. Machemba managed to escape into Mozambique and left his fellow imprisoned as a result the Yao resistance failed hence Germany took control over the Yao’s southern region of Tanganyika.

THE CAUSES OF THE YAO RESISTANCE

1. Interference of Yao’s territory. The Germany wanted to control the Yao’s territory which made Yao under Machemba to fight activity against it.
   
2. The conflict between Machemba and the Germany. Machemba defeated three German companies as a result German took up army to fight.
   
3. Machemba’s rejection to surrender. The Germany forced Machemba to surrender by leaving his place to the coast as a result Germany waged for the war.
   
4. Introduction of taxes.
   
5. Forced labour. The German forced Yao to work without or with low payment as a result people took up arms against Germany.
   

 

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ABUSHIRI AND BWANAHERI RESISTANCE 1888-1889

Abushiri and Bwana Heri resistance was a small scale resistance which occurred along the coastal region of Tanganyika where by rich Arabs and local traders organized to fight against the British and the German interference on their trade in 1888-1889.

Abushiri and Bwana Heri resistance was among of strong small scale resistance since they organized their strong forces against German by hoisting the German flag in all coastal towns. Due to this the British decided to join with German and started to interfere the Abushiri and Bwana Heri’s trade and production of coconut and cereal plantations which depended also on the slave trade activities by the German and the British utilizing their naval forces to suppress slave trade in Indian ocean.

As a result the German chancellor sent a Germany commander solider Von Wisman so as to recruit mercenaries [soldiers] to suppress Abushiri’s forces. Due to that Abushiri’s forces were defeated hence Abushiri decided to fled to Mpwapwa when he was captured and publicly hanged on 15^th December 1889 after being nglish-swahili/betray” target=”_blank”>betrayed by a village headman of Usangara known as Magaya a Jumbe.

BWANA HERI’S RESISTANCE [1889-1894]

Was another coastal people‘s resistance which came after the failure of Abushiri resistance organized by Bwana Heri of Uzigua against Germany forces.

THE CAUSES OF BWANA HERI RESISTANCE

1. Germany interfered Bwana Heri’s economic activities at Saadan.
   
2. Introduction of taxes which were imposed by Germany officials.
   
3. Imposition of Germany control over Bwana Heri’s territories.
   
4. Interference of coastal people‘s culture.
   
5. Political interference.
   

 

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THE MAKUNGANYA RESISTANCE [1894]

Makunganya resistance was another coastal Tanganyika small scale resistance which were fought between Hassan bin Omar Makunganya against Germany in 1894 after Bwana Heri being defeated, surrendered and run away.

Makunganya resistance did not last for a long time since Makunganya was defeated hence found hanged himself on a mango tree in November 1894 in KilwaKivinje. This mango tree was known as mwembekinyonga since it was used to hang all people who committed a crime and disobeyed the government’s orders.

THE CHAGA RESISTANCE 1892

This was a small scale resistance led by chief MANGISINA OF KIBOSHO and CHIEF MANDARA OF MOSHI (MARANGU) against the Germans in 1892.

At the end Germany defeated SINA of Kibosho and Mandara [lindi] of Marangu following disunity among the chiefs brought about by chief enmity.

At first the Germans entered on the land of the Chagga following the agreements of treaties signed by the local chiefs because the local chiefs were competing in welcoming foreigners and caravan routes for economic motives.

Due to this chief Mangisina got a lot of wealth from caravan trade routes from foreigners. Therefore chief Mandara tried his level best to safeguard his trade routes by providing enough supply of cattle and food to feed the caravan trade routes.

     Chief Mandara decided to wage war against Chief Sina of Kibosho in order to get enough food and cattle supply to feed the caravan trade routes.

   The Germany used the advantage of that Chief enmity between Chief Mandara and Sina of Kibosho by supporting Chief Mandara due to their friendship against Sina of kibosho who was not Germany friend because he lowered the Germany flag. The Sina of Kibosho was defeated when Mandara died in 1892 while the struggle continued by chief Mandala’s successor known as Chief (Mangi) Marialle.

   Chief Marialle used diplomatic struggle by convincing Germany to live in Marangu which declared safe than Moshi.

   Chief Marialle’s successor was chief Meli who killed a messenger sent by Germans. The Chief Marialle claimed to Germany that the messenger was killed by chief Meli as a result Germany attacked Chief Meli and hanged him in 1892 which marked the end of the resistance.

CAUSES OF THE CHAGA RESISTANCE

1. Interference of trade.
   
2. Presence of chief enmity between chief Mandara of Marangu and Sina of kibosho which Germany interred.
   
3. Need to control trade.
   
4. To maintain the power; Chagga chiefs waged for war because they wanted to safeguard and maintain their power.
   

 

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BUNYORO RESISTANCE IN UGANDA [1893]

Bunyoro resistance was a small scale resistance fought between the Banyoro and the British in 1893 under the leadership of kabalega.

Kabalega organized his tribe Bunyoro against British captain sir Lugard who introduced Christianity frictions to fight against Muslims forces in Bunyoro.

Due to that Kabaka also joined the resistance with Bunyoro against British because he was also harshly punished by the British for involving into ivory trade without British commissioners consent. But Kabaka was defeated then he joined with kaberega; Where both were defeated by British forces and sent them in exile in Sycelles in 1899. This marked the end of the resistance and British took control over Buganda.

CAUSES OF BUNYORO RESISTANCE

1. Religious interference.
   
2. Interference of culture.
   

 

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British interfered the Bunyoro and Buganda’s culture by forcing people to follow English cultures as a result people resisted.

1. Interference of trade.
   

 

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British interfered the Kabaka and Bunyoro’s trade because Ugandans were not allowed to trade without British commission.

1. Interference of leadership.
   
2. British hash treatment.
   

 

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British government treated the Ugandans including leaders very hash by forcing them to accept British harsh rules, to pay taxes, to involve in production etc. as a result people resisted.

THE MAZRUI DYNASTY’S RESISTANCE

The Mazrui dynasty resistance was active small scale resistance fought between the Arabs ruling family and rich merchants (traders) against the British in June 1895 to safeguard trade opportunities.

Mazrui dynasty resistance was active small scale resistance since it involved in burning town the coast.

     Despite of fighting against British strongly and actively, Mazrui resistance was failed since British employed its puppet known as Rashid bin Salim who nglish-swahili/betray” target=”_blank”>betrayed his fellows Mazrui as a result Mazrui escaped to Germany East Africa hence British took control over their areas by using local merchants and administrators.

CAUSES OF THE MAZRUI DYNASTY RESISTANCE

1. Interference of trade.
   
2. Introduction of African British Company.
   
3. The harsh British rule.
   

 

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THE SOMALI RESISTANCE IN KENYA

Somali resistance was small scale active resistance fought against the Somali people in north Eastern Kenya against the British to protect their land for pastoralist activities such as livestock pasture and waste.

Somali people being pastoralists they practiced nomadic life means moving with their cattle from one place to another searching for water and pastures.

The presence or imposition of British on their land disturbed their activities of pastoralist which was their main economic activities, therefore the Somalis reacted against British by making a number of attacks in the British areas such as Yonte the British outpost; but British was able to defeat the Somali in 1901 after sending their armed forces.

CAUSES OF THE SOMALI RESISTANCE

1. Land alienation
   

 

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The British took the best land to which Somali depended for pastoralist activities for pasture and water.

1. Interference of Somali economic activities.
   
2. British harsh rule.
   

 

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