SOIL MANAGEMENT AND CONSERVATION
Soil management
Refer to the skilful uses or wise utilization and control of quality of soil (land resources)
Soil conservation
Refers to the process of preserving soil for proper and sustainable use.
MEASURES OF SOIL MANAGEMENT AND CONSERVATION
- Educating people so as to promote and ennglish-swahili/courage” target=”_blank”>couraged land management skills among them this has to be undertaken by the government collaboration with NGO’S and some individual.
- Training and encouraging farmers to uses proper farming methods like crop rotation counters roughing and inter cropping
- Planting of cover crops forestation and reforestation in order to check soil erosion.
- Reducing or stopping the uses of industrial chemical which tend to accumulate in the soil and causes soil pollution.
- Waste products should be recycled rather than dumping them in the soil.
- Destocking animal members should be reduced or controlled so as to avoid overgrazing that leads to destruction grass.
- Encouraging dry farming that involves mulching in order to reduce loss of water through evaporation
- Land filling with bush wood should be used where the soil has been severely eroded producing gullies.
- Population should be controlled so as to disnglish-swahili/courage” target=”_blank”>courage excessive exploitation of resources which in nature leads to land degradation
- Alternative energy resources should be exposed and used effectively to avoid the excessive exploitation of forest and oil which causes hazard to the environment.
- Radioactive materials should be dumped very deeply in the soil to prevent the upper soil layer from being high affected.
- Terracing and contraction of some stone lines should be undertaken so as to control the movement of water and forces it to get into the soil rather than flowing over the land.
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5. ACIDIC RAIN
It is the rain that contain more acid than normal formed in the air when sulphur dioxide or carbon dioxide combine with hydrogen gas
Sulphur dioxide, carbon dioxide mainly originated from industries and strip mining of coal as well as burning of charcoal.
EFFECTS OF ACIDIC RAIN
- It led to the increase of acidity in water bodies hence killing of aquatic animals and plants
- Reduction of the rate of soil fertility due to the increase amount of acidity into the soil.
- Increase the rate of leaching process.
- Destruction of different structure like buildings, bridges, railways as result of the corrosive action of acid on paint and rocks containing calcium.
- Sulphuric acid lead itching and irritation of eyes in human beings and animal
- Erosion of limestone rock lead to the formation of features like sink holes dollies and garpikes
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MEASUREMENTS TO COMBAT THE PROBLEM OF ACIDIC RAINFALL
i) Spraying the trees to wash off the acids and adding of time to the soil lakes and rivers to reduce acidity . The good example is Germany, UK and Scandinavia, countries where this process has been used advice.
ii) Reduction of emission of sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxide by using non fossil fuel, coal which contains less sulphur, removing sulphur from coal.
iii) Introducing new boilers in power station which can burn sulphur dioxide into ash.
iv) Trapping sulphur dioxide from the waster gases and spraying it with water so that it can form sulphuric acid which can later be neutralized by adding line.
v) Using alternative sources of energy which do not pollute the air the country can turn the coal – fired power station into gas fired power.
vi) Recycle the waste to avoid unnecessary champion action that lead to the production of sulphur gas
vii) Strict policies should be formulated to restrict the case of energy that leads to emission of sulphur dioxide.
NB:
Environmental problems have affected adversely different species of plant and animal i.e. Loss of biodiversity and Eco system.
BIODIVERSITY
This mean that a variety of species of living organisms both plants and animals (flora and Fauna)
ECOSYSTEM
Means is the natural system in which plant (Flora) and animal (fauna) interact with each other and the non living environment
WILD LIFE (FAUNA)
Wild life (fauna)
These are animals found in the forests. These animals have a great roles or are of great importance
IMPORTANCE OF WILD LIFE
- Wildlife animals are the sources of food such as meat which in turn provides protein in our bodies.
- Wild animals attract tourism and are sources of foreign
- They are sources of material valuable to man such as skin and medicine takes
- Wildlife conservation areas have contributed to increase of employment opportunities.
- Development of manufacturing industries due to availability of raw materials such as skin etc.
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6. FLOODS
Refers the period of high river discharge or over flow of water along the coast due to extremely high tides and storm waves.
CAUSES OF FLOODS
i) Flood occur due to the collapse of reservoirs like dam, emergence of spring, melting of ice and breaking of the water pipes
ii) Also flood can occur due to the heavy rainfall that take place in a particular place and they affect so much the law land area especially where vegetation how been cleared .
They occur most frequently in the humidly region like equatorial areas due to heavy rank.
FACTORS THAT CAN ACCELERATE FLOODING IN LAW LAND AREAS
- Shallowness of the soil due to the presence of the impermeable rock layer just near the surface.
- Earth quakes that place below the sea tends to lead to the formation of large waves – flooding
- Damming of the river by human being by lava spread out during volcanic eruption.
- Blocked up drainage system in town and cites can lead to the flooding
- Shallowness and name lines of the river system can also lead to flooding
- Cleaning of vegetation accelerate flooding because on a base surface water runs freely to the stream
- It can also take place where the rives has many bends
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IMPACTS OF FLOOD
- Death of people and animals for example the frequent flood in Bangladesh has claimed the death of many people leading to depopulation.
- Destruction of farm land they can be destroyed by running water leaching to devastation of crops.
- Outbreak and spread of disease especially water born disease which then affected the health of people and sometimes death.
- Floods also lead to the demolition of houses rending people homeless.
- Silting of dams and other water resources resulting in the problem of water conservation and inadequate water supply.
- Flood can lead to soil and air pollution
- Occurrence of the soil erosion and the occurrence of lands.
- Destruction of infrastructure like railways, roads and bridges.
- Floods bring problem of industrial location in a particular place,.
- It leads to migration of people who move as refugees
- Destruction of various economic sectors like farms and industrial structures this lead to occurrence of poverty in the country.
- Destruction of transport system hinders the movement of goods and services from one place to another.
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RESPONSE TO THE OCCURRENCE OF FLOOD
- There should be proper management of the watershed catchment areas through planting trees people should be allowed to settle in the catchment areas
- Construction of dams across the river channels helps in combating the problem of flood which affects the low land areas.
- The stream of the rivers should be deeper widened and straightened so as to increase the speed of the river down the slope to the sea.
- People should be frequent inspection and cleaning of the drainage by flooding.
- There should be frequent inspection and cleaning of the drainage system.
- Availability of rescue team which is skilled and actives in rescuing people affected by floods
- International cooperation should be intensified so as to improve the techniques of combating this environmental problem.
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7. DROUGHT
Is a state on an area facing prolonged condition of dry without precipitation or a long period of dry weather.
Drought and desertification have something in common in terms of occurrence and affects.
CAUSES OF DROUGHT
i)
Wind system dynamics.
Wind system that are dry since have blow across very narrow water mass stretch cause drought as they have not picked enough moisture for rain formation;
Example Harmaton wind of West Africa has contributed to the occurrence of drought condition particularly in the Sahara region.
ii) Shifting position of the overhead sun.
As a shifting of over head sun takes place then rainfall regime shift. It shift in the northern hemisphere there occur dryness in the southern hemisphere
iii) Location of some place:
Some place is located in the wind side of the mountains and therefore experience dryness. Good example is Namib desert
iv) Natural fires:
There is the fire caused by natural hazard like lighting of and volcanic eruption.
v) Rain shadow effect produced by high mountain ranges
MAN INDUCED CAUSES
These are activities carried all by man
i) Lumbering that leads to deforestation due to excessive cutting of trees
ii) Bad agriculture practices like overgrazing, over cultivation and shifting cultivation.
iii) Establishment of new settlement areas due to the increase in population lead to cutting of trees.
iv) Mining activities and construction of dams can also cause deforestation.
v) Industrial activities and crops have an impact on the occurrence of drought
vi) Low level of technology and poverty there has led to occurrence of drought.
vii) Fire lit
IMPACT OF DROUGHT
i) Drought has led to poor supply of water for domestic uses, agricultural uses and industrial activities.
ii) Disappearance of vegetation and animal species
iii) Poor supply of energy and power to some people who depends on fire wood as the man source of energy
iv) Drying of water bodies due to excessive evaporation
v) It has facilitated desertification process Migration of people from one area to another
vii) Decline of industries especially food processing industries that depend on agricultural production
viii) Women harassment due to the fact that women are forced to move long distance in search for fire wood.
MEASURING TO COMBAT THE PROBLEMS OF DROUGHT
- Embarking an forestation programmers the trees moisture to the atmosphere and hence led to rain formation
- The uses of proper farming method which do not deplete vegetation
- Control of population should be ennglish-swahili/courage” target=”_blank”>couraged so as to avoid the excessive exploitation of vegetation
- The water conservation centers should be established like dams so as to promote irrigation streams
- Farmers should be given proper education on how to conserve water resources sustainability to avoid environmental degradation
- Strict policies should be instituted so as to restrict excessive use of trees
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GLOBAL WARMING/GLOBAL CLIMATIC CHANGE
The world climate changes “Refers to all form of climatic inconsistently but because the climate is never static the terms is more properly described as a significant long term abnormal fluctuations in terms of precipitation wind system and all other aspects of the earth’s climate.
For quite long period of time the world has been experiencing global climatic changes including extreme cooling or extreme warming of the atmosphere.
CAUSES OF CLIMATIC CHANGE
i. Variation of solar energy
It is estimated that the solar output increase at the rate of 1â—¦c per century. This led to the decrease or drop in temperature.
ii. Variation in atmospheric Carbon dioxide
The higher the level of atmospheric Carbon dioxide the warmer the global temperature
iii. Volcanic eruption
It has been accepted for some time that volcanic activities have influenced climate in the past and continues to do so. World temperatures are lowered after any large single eruption, this is due to the increase in dust particles in the lower atmosphere which will absorb and scatter more of the incoming radiation.
iv. Changes in oceanic circulation, this affect the exchange of heat between the oceans and the atmosphere. This can have both long term effects on the world climate and short term effects.
v. Composition of the atmosphere
Gases in the atmosphere can be increased. At present there is increasing concern at the buildup of Carbon dioxide and other green house gases like CFC’s in the atmosphere, which are blamed for the depletion of Ozone in the upper atmosphere hence global warming.
GLOBAL WARMING AND GREEN HOUSES PHENOMENA
Global warming:
This is the unusual increase in temperature of the earth’s atmosphere which is caused by the green houses effect.
Green house effect:
Refers to the situation in which the atmosphere traps and retains heat energy from the sun in the lower level leading to the rise in temperature.
EFFECTS OF GLOBAL WARMING AND GREEN HOUSE
- The rise in temperature has led to the melting of ice in various parts of the world e.g. The cap at the peak of Mt Kilimanjaro has decreased in size due to the effect of global warming
- The melting of ices has led to the increase of water in the sea and hence the sea level rises. As results of those phenomena some of coastal areas are flooded.
- Global warming has led to the occurrence of strong storms in different parts of the world that kill people and destroy properties.
- Some cold areas have become warm such that tropical crops are grown.
- Disappearance of some animals and plant species due to the failures to adopt the abrupt in temperature.
- Global warming has caused the occurrence of precipitation in other areas which is used to be dry due to the changes in hydrological cycles.
- Decline of production due to drought and desertification process which then leads to poverty and death of people
- Spread of disease like skin cancer, malaria and other.
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MITIGATING MEASURES AGAINST GLOBAL WARMING AND THE GREEN HOUSES EFFECT
- Discouraging the uses of burning of material that release harmful green house gases such as CO2, CFC’s
- Alternative sources of energy, which are environmentally friendly, should be ennglish-swahili/courage” target=”_blank”>couraged e.g. geothermal, power, solar energy, and wind energy.
- Formation of an international policies and cooperation among different nations in the fight against air pollution.
- Control of pollution in order to control and disnglish-swahili/courage” target=”_blank”>courages excessive uses of fossils and biomass energy.
- Recycling of wastes should be ennglish-swahili/courage” target=”_blank”>couraged rather than burning or dumping on the surface.
- Modification of the combustion system in the machines in order to attain efficient fuel burning in and out of massive release of green house gases especially carbon dioxide.
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WASTE MISMANAGEMENT
Is the poor disposal of wastes on undersigned areas. Examples of wastes are solid (bottles, plastic materials, iron). Liquid (Sewage from latrines, oil). Gaseous emission from motor vehicles and industries.
CAUSES OF WASTE MISMANAGEMENT
a) Human negligence, that people do not mind about waste management.
b) Lack of dumping areas especially in towns.
c) Lack of education to people on environmental conservation.
d) Poor environmental policy e.g Dar es Salaam city is dirtier than Moshi.
EFFECTS OF WASTE MISMANAGEMENT
a) Eruption of diseases e.g dysentery, cholera
b) Loss of aquatic organisms when liquid wastes are dumped in the sources of water may lead to death of organisms living in water.
c) Air pollutions – If wastes will not be treated properly e.g dumped materials from domestic and industrial areas.
d) Shortage of clean water because the sources of water may be contaminated by the wastes.
e) Low productivity especially on land. If there will be acceleration of land erosion, oil spillage on land.
URBAN GROWTH ON ENVIRONMENT
Causes of urban growth
a) Trade; both small scale and large scale commercial activities e.g Town venders, Bakhresa company etc
b) Employment – many administrative centres and industries ennglish-swahili/courage” target=”_blank”>courage urban growth because people move from rural to urban seeking for job.
c) Improved social services e.g health centres education, roads.
EFFECTS OF URBAN GROWTH TO THE ENVIRONMENT
i) Pollution e.g noise, land, water and air pollution resulting by overcrowding.
ii) Deforestation- Caused by clearing of forests for settlement, etc.
iii) Global warming caused by smoke from industries, motor vehicles, etc.
iv)Loss of Biodiversity due to clearance of the forest.
THE IMPACT OF POVERTY ON THE ENVIRONMENT
Poverty is the state of being poor. Poverty is characterized by the following features.
- Low income.
- Poor standard of living.
- Short life expectancy
- Poor infrastructure.
- Unemployment.
- Environmental degradation.
- Diseases
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The impacts of poverty in the environment are
- Soil erosion due to poor farming methods and overgrazing.
- Desertification due to cutting down of trees to obtain firewood and charcoal for domestic use because people can not afford the use of fuel and electricity.
- Loss of biodiversity due to clearance of forest and bush firing.
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ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION
Environmental conservation refers to the careful use and protection of the environment from over exploitation and destruction.
Ways of Environmental Conservation
a) Setting up of institutions and organizations for coordinating matters related to environment and conservations.
e.g UNEP-United Nations Environment Programmes
NEMC –National Environment Management and Conservation.
b) Education
Both formal and informal education must be subjected to people, through mass media, schools and Universities aiming at demolishing the forces of environmental degradation.
c) Research
Should be carried out locally and globally for management and conservation of the environment.
d) Recycling factories
Garbage make pollution on land and water hence once materials are recycled reduce environmental degradation e.g In Dar es Salaam plastic water bottles are collected and sold for recycling.
e) Land Rehabilitation
Especially after quarrying and mining activities have taken place, land should be rehabilitated.
