FORM 5 HISTORY 1 – POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN TANZANIA SINCE INDEPENDENCE

STEPS TAKEN BY TANGANYIKA TO SOLVE THE ECONOMIC CRISIS

There were various steps taken by the government since independence to solve the problems of economic crisis which had a far reaching impact on the masses. The majority of the population in this country is still living below the international poverty line, which is surviving on less than 1 USA dollar.

The measures to solve the economic crisis were divided into two phases

A

1961 – 1966.(FIRST PHASE)

Under this phase, the government aimed at improving agriculture, communication and education based on economist model that included equal opportunity for all. These measures included the following;

1. Socialism and self reliance.
   

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This is where the government took measures to reduce the salaries of government employees from the president down to normal levels. No civil servants, members of parliament or TANU office holders were supposed to engage in private business. This move aimed controlling corruption among politicians.

1. Targeted rural development.
   

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The government diverted resources from urban areas to rural development. This aimed at improving agriculture sector. The government grouped the population into Ujamaa villages in which the people will work together on communal land so that development can benefit the whole community and not a few individuals.

1. Administrative and education curriculum.
   

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There were changes in education in order to change from the colonial type to type of education which emphasized socialist ideology. The new values of cooperative basis were ennglish-swahili/courage” target=”_blank”>couraged, it was recognized that development plans must be financed by local resources and not to depend on foreign assistance.

1. Nationalization of land.
   

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The government decided to nationalize land from the colonialists and distribute it to the people for economic development. This was one of the resolutions of the Arusha declaration where it passed that all major means of production should be in the hands of the local people. This is what led to the nationalization of all foreign banks and other private commercial and manufacturing companies.

1. Removal of head tax.(SECOND PHASE)
   

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The head tax was so unpopular among the majority of people in rural areas; it increased rather than reduce poverty in the villages. The head tax was inherited from colonialism.

B

1967 – 1980’s

• Man power training.
  

  The government took deliberate measures to improve the labour resources through training in and outside the country. A skilled labour force was very crucial to realize economic development in the country.
  

• Development of infrastructure.
  

  The government also took various measures to improve the transport system. A country would be conducive for investment if it has a good transport system. The government in collaboration with Zambia built the TAZARA railway and Kilimanjaro international airport in the 1970s, these measures also aimed at attracting foreign investment which would help to achieve development.
  

• Expansion of agriculture.
  

  The agricultural sector is the main sector of economy thus the government took deliberate measures to improve agriculture. It introduced slogans like “siasa na kilimo” in 1972 to train farmer‟s better methods of farming.
  

• Establishment of parastatal bodies.
  

  The government also established parastatal bodies, such as Tanzania Railway Corporation. National Insurance Corporation and Tanzania electricity supply company (TANESCO) to offer services to the people.
  

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COLONIAL EDUCATION AND EFFECTS IN TANZANIA UP TO 1961.

Colonial education was the kind of education that was provided by the colonial government in African continent; Tanzania being among them during the colonial period. This education was formal where by students were supposed to sit in class to access education with a written curriculum. However the curriculum was prepared in Europe 19^thC-20^thC.

Basically colonial education was provided by two agencies which were churches through introduction of missionary schools and colonial government its self through the establishment of government schools.

OBJECTIVES OF COLONIAL EDUCATION

1. Aimed at providing a staff of Africans with adequate capabilities of managing clerical and minor functions in colonial states; where by those who went to secondary schools were expected to civil servants and those who had primary education were expected to be good farmers with skills in crop cultivation and animal husbandry.
   
2. Colonial education aimed at perpetuating religious values.
   
3. Aimed at perpetuating western civilization/culture.
   
4. It was not designed to prepare young people for service of their own country instead it was motivated by a desire to inculcate the values of their societies.
   
5. Aimed at supervision of colonial economy like agricultural production so as to make Africa a market for European manufactured goods introduced in the colonies.
   
6. It aimed at import of the official ideology of the colonizers like learners were supposed to be obedient, well disciplined and time conscious so as to fulfill the objectives of the colonizers.
   
7. It aimed at deafricanization of African people because learners of the colonial education were supposed to follow western values and abandon African values.
   
8. It aimed at spreading Christianity religion in African colonies. Africans who belonged to other religions such as Islamic religion were supposed to follow Christianity in order to be admitted in seminaries and government schools.
   

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IMPACTS OF COLONIAL EDUCATION

1. Colonial education produced nationalists who led to African independence example; Kamuzu Banda (Malawi), Jomo Kenyatta (Kenya), Abdul Nassor (Egypt), etc. All those were the products of colonial education.
   
2. Introduced skills to students and pupils where learners of colonial education learnt many things and acquired skills for a short time because education provided by the colonialists had a defined curriculum. For example skills like reading and writing which could be used for communication worldwide.
   
3. Colonial education acted as a base for manpower preparation where by many Africans went to schools during colonial education had positions in the governments.
   
4. Colonial education resulted to killing of African culture (dissociation of Africans who got colonial education), colonial education alienated educated Africans for their own culture. For example educated Africans disnglish-swahili/courage” target=”_blank”>couraged and disrespected anything indigenous and instead they praised European culture.
   
5. Led to regional imbalance where by regions with economic resources had more schools than those with less resources for example Kigoma region in Tanzania received less priority in education than cash production areas like Mbeya, Kagera, Kilimanjaro, Tanga etc.
   
6. Led to discrimination in African continent where by education was provided basing on sex, religion, race and class. For example Colonial education based on race where by Asians, whites and black each had their own separate schools, for example colonial Tanganyika Mkwawa High School currently college of education of University of Dar es salaam saved only the whites, likewise colonial education led to gender inequality where by colonial schools had few girls compare to boys for example in Tanganyika in 1956 there were only 204 girls in secondary schools out of 4409 students in secondary schools.
   
7. Resulted to provision of education basing on colonial environment. The African students were taught lessons about European environment and in negative and a little about Africa for example students in geography class were taught about seasons of climate in Europe which were summer, winter,spring and Autumn while those seasons were very strange to African students who are used only to rainy and dry seasons.
   

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