CIVICS FORM THREE – POVERTY

TRANSFORMATION APPROACH

Transformation approach was the second strategy of development in Tanzania mainland adopted in 1962. In this strategy the government asked the World Bank mission to recommend the best way of improving development in rural area. But the World Bank first blamed the peasants because of their rigidity which led to slow development in agriculture and use of communal way of life reduced individuals effort in development.

• Then the world bank mission recommended that peasants should be introduced to a new program called transformation approach or settlement scheme under the supervision of government agency called village settlement agency (V.S.A)
  
• During the transformation approach to government convinced peasants and all jobless people from urban areas to go live in those settlements in order to engage in agriculture activities. Also the government requested settlers to build houses and to start farming activities on the plots allocated to them.
  
• The government supported the program by providing food cud, by removing poll tax, by raising crop price and by allowing people to settle in forest reserved areas. However the transformation approach didn’t succeed.
  

  Problems facing the Transformation Approach
  

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1. There was close supervision by the government through the village settlement agents which caused the programme to be hated.
   
2. The food and provided by the government made the peasants to be lazy. Hence production was very low.
   
3. There was capitalization which means the government inverted more in machinery than the available source of land. This lead to under utilization of labour force.
   
4. Unwillingness of settler’s farmers to meet the cost of settler wanted the government to meet all costs but it did not do so as a result the scheme collapsed.
   
5. Misuse of settlement skill funds especially after the departure of export from Israel. The cooperative unions misused the funds of their settlement scheme.
   

   IMPROVEMENT APPROACH
   

   When the transformation approach failed the government introduced another strategy of development called Improve.
   

   The improvement approach was based on persuasion rather than or compulsion.
   

   Therefore the man objectives of the improvement approach were: –
   

6. To establish self-governing peasant communities with little interference from the government.
   
7. To expand production in rural areas and to fund markets for their products. As a result co-operative union was established.
   
8. To prevent exploitation of peasants by in trust worthy buyers hence peasants are ennglish-swahili/courage” target=”_blank”>couraged to sell their products in co-operative unions.
   
9. To allow easy provision of social services in rural areas so as to improve their living standard.
   
10. To make villages the nuclear (base) of national development national defense.
    

    Problems of Improvement Approach
    

    The improvement approach did not achieve much due to the following problems.
    

11. Lack of education
    

    Most of the peasant’s illiterate (unskilled) people Hence it was difficult to adopt changes.
    

12. Destruction of Forest and reserved areas
    

    Pay peasant when they were established new farms. As a result the programme ennglish-swahili/courage” target=”_blank”>couraged forced station.
    

13. The educated people refused to participate in agriculture activities. They thought that agriculture education to all peasants. As a result they concentrated on few progressive farmers. Therefore fear income was very low.
    
14. The government failed to promote agriculture education to all peasants as a result the concentrated on few farmers. Therefore the impacts were very low.
    

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FRONTAL APPROACH

This was a 5 year plan of development under Arusha declaration which operated on Ujamaa villages. On 6^th November 1973. The government of Tanzania mainland introduced Ujamaa village programme was based on self reliance which means the local people‘s effect should be used to eradicate poverty in a given society. But some people resisted moving from the tradition villages to Ujamaa villages; however they were forced moved.

The objectives of Frontal approach were as follows: –

1. To establish strong economic units in rural areas by mobilizing collecting people‘s efforts.
   
2. To simplify the provision of social services to all people at cheap cost. E.g. primary education, health service, water supply and transport service especially in rural areas.
   
3. To expand agricultural production by using collective labour force in Ujamaa services. Hence to increase production of food crops for exports some villages owned plantation, reaches and small scale industries.
   
4. To eliminate the middle man in purchasing cash crops from the peasants by buying the crops at very low price so that the co-operating unions were given authority to purchases crops from the peasants.
   
5. To act as low level of government. The Ujamaa village was given power to discuss and decide about the social and economical development. Therefore they formed several committees such as political committee, economic committees, security committee and social welfare committee.
   

   EFFECTS OF FRONTAL APPROACH
   

6. Millions of people lived in Ujamaa villages people
   
7. Many people come closer to social services i.e. schools, hospitals, security than it was before.
   
8. Government campaigns and directives reached too many people easily than it was before.
   
9. The national solidarity integrity and stability increases
   

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NEGATIVE EFFECTS

1. The private shop collapsed due to introduction of the village shops and co-operative soaps. As a result some people were affected economically.
   
2. Created shortage of goods i.e. salt, sugar, kerosene, soap etc. Therefore corruption was used in order to get goods from the co-operatives and village shops.
   
3. They are demolition of houses and public utilities in traditional village when people where being forced to move to Ujamaa village
   
4. The farms with permanent crops were abounded when people were being forced to move to Ujamaa village.
   

   Therefore frontal approach accelerated poverty
   

5. Elimination of primary school fees in government
   

   The government has eliminated the fees in order to ensure that many children especially from poor families get access of primary education.
   

6. The communities and other stock holder through self health schemes are required to construct classrooms, teacher’s house, health centers, water facilities and maintenance of roads in rural area.
   
7. Creation of more employment opportunities by promoting informal sectors (private sectors) and mobilizing foreign and local inverters.
   

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EFFECTIVENESS OF STRATEGIES OF POVERTY ALLEVIATION IN TANZANIA                                    

The degree of achievement or effectiveness strategies of poverty alleviation in Tanzania can be assessed as following

1. Promoting self reliance policy or self employment the government has not succeeded much due to many obstacles which included low capital, lack of conducive environment and low level of science and technology.
   

   E.g. in Dar es salaam most of the small scale traders do not have specific areas for their activities as a result several time conflict between the small scale traders and the city soldiers takes place.
   

2. In promoting modern science and technology in production Tanzania has fairly done well especially in urban areas where industries are concentrated. However in rural areas still people use local tools and traditional ways in production. Therefore the app of modern science & technology is still very low.
   
3. In controlling the rate of population growth Tanzania has been successful in urban areas where many people get access to proper medical services and family planning education but in rural areas. Due to remoteness and absence of enough health centres the rate of population growth is still very high.
   
4. In promoting economic development Tanzania has been successful in securing loans and grants from international monetary fund (IMF) world bank (WB) and from other developed countries but due to difficulties in condition put by donors has made Tanzania to be under heavy debts usually when the donors provide loans to the government of Tanzania they put large interest which leads to increasing of the National debtors.
   
5. Dept exemption, cancellation and rescheduling has been helping the government of Tanzania to reduce the burden of foreign debts for example in 2000 the donors country cancelled the debt of Tanzania government and the government was advised to used that money to improve economic and social development in the country.
   
6. In increasing the life expectancy of the people. Tanzania has introduced many programmes which were aimed to reduce the spread of diseases e.g. provision of free medical services to the victims of HIV/AIDS, elderly people and the campaign against malaria, by providing medicated mosquito net, however the services provided could not access all people but based on urban areas.
   

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