FORM 6 HISTORY 2 – THREATS TO WORLD PEACE AFTER WWII

REASONS FOR THE USSR LAUNCHING OF NUCLEAR MISSILE IN CUBA

1.       To stop USA attempt to over throw communist government of Cuba under Fidel Castro. USA attempted to overthrow Fidel catro in two movements.

 

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     a)      The bag if pigs invasion

-It was an unsuccessfully action by a CIA trained force of Cuban exilar to invade southern Cuba; it was an attempt to overthrow Fidel Castro in April 1962. But the movement proved failure after being defeated by Cuban trained soldiers.

     b)      Operation Mangoose (The Cuban Project)

-This project was also known as special group Augmented

– It was a program of central intelligent Agency (CIA) Convert operations develop        during    the early years of president of U.S.A John F. Kennedy. On November 30, 1961 the aggressive convert operation was launched against the communist government of Fidel Castrol.

– There fore even that movement failed again USSR launched the Nuclear Missile in Cuba so as to threaded US interference on Cuba internal affairs.

1.       It was also a reaction toward western European and US a moment process.

 

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USSR was threatened by the military advancement of Western Europe and the USA. Far instance in 1958 United Kingdom deployed. Thor IRBM (International Range Ballistic Missiles)

Also Jupiter IRBM in Italy an Turkey in 1961.

Also USA built 100 missiles having capacity to strila Moscow with Nuclear war heads.

1.      Military strategic reason to USSR. Cuba is very near to USA; therefore, nuclear missile in Cuba was a serious threat to the USA.

 

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HOW THE CONFRONTATION ENDED

The confrontation ended on October 28, 1962 when President John F. Kennedy of USA and secret agreement with Khrushcher (Nikita) of USSR.

Publicity they agreed that societ Union would dismantle their offensive weapons in Cuba and return them to societ Union, subject to UN verification in exchange for a USA public declaration and agreement to never invade Cuba.

-Secretly the US agreed that it would dismantle all us built the and Jupiter IRBMS, developed in   Europe and Turkey.

THE CREATION OF THE STATE OF ISRAEL (1948) AND THE PALESTINIAN      

•          UNO’S motives to divide Palestine (1947)
•          Impact of the declaration of the independence of new state of Israel.
•          Causes and outcomes of the Arab-Jenish wars.
•          Camp David and the Egyptian-Israel Peace (1978 -1979) between Israel and PLO.

 

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HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF PALESTINIAN 

The origin of the problem went back almost 2,000 years when most of the Jewish were driven out of Palestine which was their honeland by Romans.

•          In fact, small communities of Jews stayed in Palestine and over the following 1700 years there was a gradual trickle of Jews returning from exile.
•          The movement of Jecus  to return to their land of Palestine is known as Zionism.  There fare Zionism represents itself as a political movement concerned principally with the establishment of Jewish state in Palestine.
•          British Foreign Minister Arthur Balfour in 1917 promised to create a none for the Jew in “Balfour Declaration”
•          Palestine became a British mandate to replace ottoman Empire which was suppressed during the first world war. Therefore large numbers of Jecus began to arrive in Palestine and Arabs protests greatly the exhodus of Jenish settlement.

 

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UNO’S MOTIVES TO DEVIDE PALESTINE (1947)

•        UNO implemented the partition plan of Palestine in 1947 in order to create the state of Israel
•        The key objective of UNO to divide Palestine to reconcile peace among the Palestine  Arabs an the Jewish
•         Further more UN also was sympathized by the mass genocide of Jews by Adolf Hitler in Germany therefore creation of the Jewish state was an attempt to resque the Jews from mistreatment. 

 

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IMPACTS OF DECLARATION OF NEW STATE OF ISRAEL (1948) 

1.       It led to the growth of conflict between Palestinians Arabs and the Jewish due to the land question.
2.       Emergence of suicide bombing attacks to the Jewish by the Palestinian Arabs.
3.       Interference of USA and the western country to the Middle East politics and diplomacy. Mostly they intend to mediate/are conciliate are bring peace but internally to defend the Jews.
4.       Formation of ant-Jews organization and military wings. These were formed by the Palestinians to foster liberation movement e.g.: P.L.O.
5.       Officially it ended the British man dale over Palestine. 

 

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ARAB –JEWISH WARS (1956 -1973)

•          These wars were the manifestation of inherent conflict between the Arabs nations and the Jewish due to the question of land on Palestine.
•          On the other land the Jewish were on the defense motive to restore their land which they grabbed from the Palestinians. 

 

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CAUSES OF ARABS – JEWISH WARS.

1.       Proclamation of Israel state (1947) (1948) implemented 

 

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The united nation resolved the decision to divide Palestine and declared the independent state of Israel. There fare the Arab would denied the existence of Israel state on Arab land hence the act break of the wars. 

1.       Jewish expansion on Arab land 

 

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The influx of Jewish settlers began during the rule of British on Palestine therefore before British withdraw all from Palestine, Jewish invaded Tiberias (April 19, 1948), Haifa (April Jaffa (April 28), The Arab quarters in Jerusalem (April 30), Beisan (May 3) Safad (May 10) and Acre (May 14) 

1.       External force, Arab –Jewish war was influenced by external forced. These forces involved the big nation fore example USSR and (Czechoslovakia provided weapons to Arab countries while USA Britain and France provided weapons to Jewish.
2.       Religious factor, most of the Arabs are Muslims while the Jewish. Are Christians. The Arabs believe in Jihad, the holy war to defend Muslims and Island and the Jewish believe in crusade war. There fore conflict was inevitable.
3.       Racism, Jews believe that they are superior race chosen by God and have the rights to dominate all interior race hence conflict. And on the other hand the Arabs land is an insult to their race hence they declared to defend the Palestinian Arabs. 

 

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IMPACTS OF ARAB-JEWISH WARS. 

1.       Death. Many people in the Middle East died due to several attacks from both sides, many Jews and Arabs died.
2.       The grab of Arab wealth by the Jews. Jews took an advantage of the war to grab Arab wealth during the war, these included livestock’s and minerals.
3.       Displacement of Arab settlement. Most of the Palestinian Arabs lost their land in the hand of Jews Eg: West bank Gaza
4.       Increase of number of refugees, there was increasing number of refugees because most of the Palestinian. Arabs left their lands to the neighboring countries. 

 

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(About 711,000 refugees). Eg: In Jordan 

1.       Disintegration of United Arab front opposition to Israel. After the war many Arab nations started to disintegrate to oppose Israel. For example Egypt signed a peace treaty with Israel (Camp David).
2.       Destruction of Arab economy, buildings and infrastructures were totally destroyed. 

 

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CAMP DAVID AND EGYPTIAN ISRAEL PEACE TREAT (1978 -79) 

•          Through the 1970’s Arab –Israel negotiations continued to dominate the agenda of Middle East International Politics.
•          The United States, seeing the effects that Arabs Israel conflict could have on world economy pressed for solution to the conflict.
•          The camp David refers to the reconcile on the issue of middle east crisis
•          Factor which led to the peace agreement were the frequent wars between the Jews and the Arabs.
•          During the camp David many Arabs nations refused to attend the agreements at camp David, but support of the agreements
•          The support of Egypt led to the 1978 peace treaty between Israel and Arabs. 

 

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AGREEMENTS OF EGYPTIAN –JEWS PEACE TREATY.

        i.            Israel agreed to return Sinai to Egypt, during the war Jewish conquer the land in Egypt as the result Egypt wanted back her land and was affected in 1982 when the land was returned to Egypt. 

      ii.            Also they had to negotiate Palestinian autonomy measures in the Israel occupied west Bank and Gaza strip. 

    iii.            They had to reconcile Egyptian Israel diplomatic relations. They agreed to establish diplomatic relationship among   them 

IMPACT OF THE CAMP DAVID AGREEMENTS 

        i.            If led to the division of Arab state e.g. Jordan, Saudi Arabia and Egypt become close to Western countries and USA 

      ii.            Camp David did not become the basis for comprehensive settlement of Arab Israel conflict. 

      iii.            It led to the reduction of conflict among Arabic and Jewish. That means the consequence was to radically alter the strategic balance in Arab –Israel conflict. 

      iv.            Increase of confidence to Israel. Started to gain confidence due to the decrease of Arab opposition. 

      v.            Camp David cemented the US- Egyptian relationship and isolated Soviet Union in the Middle East.