BIOLOGY FORM 1 – HEALTH AND IMMUNITY

HEALTH AND IMMUNITY

Health – Is a state of physical, mental and social well being. Health can be affected by factors such as diet, Physical fitness, hygiene, stress, heredity, environment, medicine and immunity.

Immunity – Is the ability of the body to resist infections and disease. Immunity builds the body’s defense against infectious diseases. Through this, it helps us to remain healthy.

TYPES OF IMMUNITY

Basically there are two types of immunity namely:

Natural immunity
Artificial immunity

SN	CAUSE	DISEASE e.g.
1	Bacterial disease	Typhoid, Cholera, TB, Gonorrhea
2	Viral diseases	AIDS, Polio, measles, small pox, chicken pox.
3	Protozoan diseases	Amoeba dysentery, Trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness), malaria
4	Fungal diseases	Ring worms, candidiasis, athletes
5	Genetic disease ( inherited diseases)	Hemophiliac, sickle cell, anemia, down syndrome, albinism
6	Worm diseases	Elephantiasis, bilharzia (schistosomiasis)
7	Hormonal diseases	Diabetes mellitus, diabetes inspidus
8	Malnutrition diseases	Kwashiorkor, obesity, marasmus, Goitre, Anaemia, Rickets

	Air borne disease	Tuberculosis, common cold, influenza, whooping cough
	Weather bone disease	Cholera, Typhoid fever, Schistosomiasis
	Contaminated blood	HIV/AIDS, Malaria
	Physical contract(contagious disease)	Ring worms, Scabies

SN	DISEASE	CAUSAL AGENT	CLINICAL FEATURES	MODE OF TRANSMISSION	METHODS OF PREVENTION AND CONTROL
1	Measles	Virus	Inflammation of respiratory track, fever, contact rash	Inhalation and contact	vaccination
2	Cholera	Bacteria called Vibrio cholera through contaminated food and water	Diarrhea, vomiting, weight loss, muscle cramps, wrinkled skin	Contaminated food and water	Wash hand after toilet and before and after eating, boil drinking water, wash fruit before eat, eat hot food vaccine, medical treatment
3	Meningitis	Bacteria and virus	Fever, headache, vomiting	Droplets from one person when coughing sneezing	Isolation of patient, vaccination, medicine treatment
4	Tuberculosis	Bacteria called bacterium tuberculosis	Prolonged cough, blood stained, sputum, fever, poor appetite, weight loss, night sweat	Spread by droplets when coughing or sneezing	Vaccination, patient should cover nose and mouth when coughing or sneezing medical treatment
5	Plague	Bacteria called Yersinia pestis	Inflammation of lymph node, fever, internal bleeding, body aches, coughing and shortness of breath	Spread by fleas found on rats.	Vaccination, eliminating rats and medical treatment
6	Bilharzia (Schistosomiasis)	Blood flukes (Schistosoma) (flatworm)	Blood stained- faeces and urine, abdominal pain, diarrhea, fever, tiredness, enlarged liver and spleen	Spread by water, snails, contain parasites larvae	Killing snails, proper disposal of sewage, wearing protective shoes in water- lodged area, draining stagnant water and medical treatment
7	Malaria	Protozoa called Plasmodium	Chills, fever, sweating, vomiting, pain in joint, headache, abdominal pain.	Transmitted by female anopheles mosquito	Killing mosquito, sleeping under mosquito nets ,draining stagnant water, cutting down trees, using mosquito spray and anti-malaria drugs treatments
8	Scabies	Microscopic mites	Intense itching rashes and burning on the skin and sore on the skin.	Spread skin to skin contact at sharing clothes towel and bedding	Good personal hygiene, wash contaminated clothes on hot water and dry them in the sun, avoid sharing personal items, medical treatment
9	Rabies	virus	Fever, difficult in swallowing, restlessness, loss of feeling, vomiting, fever, and hydrophobia	Bites or saliva from infected animals, organ transplant from infected people	Vaccination kill suspected carnies immediately, medical treatment
10	Diabetes	Insulin disorder, genetic disorders, excessive body weight	Fatigue, weight loss, excessive hunger, poor healing of wounds, frequently urination		Control body weight, regular exercise, stop alcohol, and stop smoking, diet restriction, insulin injection.
11	Cancer	Abnormalities in the genetic materials result of mutation or due to carcinogens such as tobacco smoking, chemical, infections, hereditary.	Usually skin swelling (tumors), bleeding, pain, ulcers , cough, weight loss, poor appetite, excessive sweating.		Avoid getting in contact with carcinogens e.g. tobacco smoke and radiation, surgery to remove the tumor, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, immunotherapy, hormonal therapy

12	Tetanus	Bacteria called Clostridium tetanus	Affect nervous lock jaw painfully spasms	Contain with bacterium in soil	Vaccination, avoid rusting equipment, cover wound when contact with soil animal dung
13	Typhoid	Bacteria called Salmonella typhi	Vomiting, diarrhea, high fever	Contaminated water and food	Improve sanitation, general hygiene, water protection, boil drinking water, proper use of toilet, immunization treatment
14	Dysentery	Caused by bacteria called Shigella and protozoan called Entamoeba histolytica	Severe diarrhea, profuse bleeding, diarrhea of shigella is not sever	Contaminated food and water	Improve sanitation, boil drinking water, re-hydration, drugs Antibiotic

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